貌似是叫布倫瑞克透鏡模型，這個模型解釋了專家如何在一定情況下收到反饋，與引導(dǎo)判斷和經(jīng)濟(jì)計量模型有關(guān)。引導(dǎo)判斷模型可以為判斷者提供他預(yù)測關(guān)系效果的反饋，而計量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型則可以提供真實關(guān)系的信息。假設(shè)計量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型可以對于關(guān)系作出更好的預(yù)測，那么這種反饋就可以被看作是改善專家預(yù)測的更有效的方法。 結(jié)構(gòu)基本就是中間為變量（就是那個透鏡），而兩邊分別為引導(dǎo)預(yù)測和計量經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測，通過雙方的關(guān)系相連。 具體可以參見Brunswik, E. (1955)，Newton, J. R. (1965)，Stewart (2001)。

學(xué)習(xí)模式有這些: discussion based learning cooperative learning problem based learning (PBL) project based learning 等等,還有多元智能等. 你在網(wǎng)上輸入 teaching style/ learning model / teaching model 就有很多內(nèi)容了。教育學(xué)/心理學(xué)方面提出了非常多的理論模式.上面幾個只是我記得的. 下面是幾段話,是關(guān)于discussion based learning, cooperative learning 和多元智能的.這是很簡單的介紹. Firstly, Discussion based learning , provoke higher order thinking. Different from lecture mode, where students only listens, It allows two way information travel. During English lesson, Mr Ong can give a topic, for example, a piece of hot news that will interest their age group, let the pupils to comment on it , to exchange ideas, then write something or say a few words about it. We also recommend Cooperative learning, It’s becoming more and more popula. as its name suggests, student learn in a cooperative way. It’s becoming more and more popular. Students are divided into groups, Each member to learn specific topic of content, and help other members to understand it. The assignment’s success relies on the performance and contribution of all the members. During English lesson, Mr Ong can assign a topic , for example, Singapore’s Water Issue. To discuss about this topic, the pupils might need to learn what natural water resources Singapore has, what are the means that Singapore adopts to meet it’s needs for fresh water, what is being done on water recycle, and what is the research direction in future etc. Each member takes one topic and go to read about it, and then share their findings with the group, the group then organize all findings into a structured report. Alternatively, each topic can be assigned to a group, and each group have a more detailed study, then present to the whole class. (4:30) As time is limited, we lastly look at Multiple intelligence. According to Howard Gardner, each individual has a combination of different intelligence, namely, visual, linguistic, logical & mathematical , musical, body & kinesthetic , naturalistic, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Individual learns better when using more than one of the several intelligence. During writing lessons, mr Ong can combine one or two other intelligence with writing, to name a few, visual, naturalistic or kinesthetic. For example, bring the pupils to science garden or outside park to get closer to natural lifes, to develop naturalistic intelligence, Alternatively, ask the pupils to write their scripts and then act out the play, which trains linguistic, body & kinesthetic intelligence . In this way, writing lesson will not longer be boring. Mr Ong doesn't have to fight a war with Adam and his pals, the naughty ones will be dying to join, instead, if they are not behaving, asking them to stay away will be an effective deterrent.